2.
Diffusion
3.
Facilitated
diffusion
4.
Factors that
affect net rate of diffusion
5.
Osmotic
pressure
6.
Active transport
7.
Sodium-potassium pump.
8.
Primary Active
transport of Hydrogen ions.
9.
Secondary
active transport( co –transport and counter-transport)
10. Structure of the microcirculation and capillary system
11. Diffusion through the capillary membrane
12. Four primary forces that determine fluid
movement through the capillary membrane
13. Effect of abnormal imbalance of forces at
capillary membrane
14. Lymphatic system
15. Rate of lymph flow
16. Daily intake of water
17. Daily loss of body water
18. Body fluid compartments
19. Blood volume
20. Constituents of extracellular and
intracellular fluids
21. Regulation of fluid exchange
22. Volumes and osmolalities of extracellular and
intracellular fluid in abnormal states
23. Calculation of water decicit in dehydration
24. Functions of the kidneys
25. Physiological anatomy of the kidney
26. Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion of
different substances
27. Glomerular filtration
28. Glomerular Capillary membrane
29. Determinants
glomerular filtration rate
30. Factors influence the glomerular capillary colloid osmotic
pressure
31. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
32. Determinants of renal blood flow
33. Hormonal control of renal circulation
34. Autoregulation of GFR and renal blood flow
35. Tubular reabsorpsion ( passive and active
mechanism)
36. Reabsorpsion along differents parts of the
nephrone
37. Secretion along differents parts of the
nephrone
38. Regulation of tubular reabsorption.
39. Peritubular capillary and renal interstitial fluid forces
40. Regulation of peritubular capillary forces
41. Renal interstitial hydrostatic and colloid
osmotic pressures
42. Hormonal control of tubular reabsorption
(aldostreon, angiotensin-II, ADH, ANP)
43. Renal mechanism for excreting a dilute urine
44. Requirements for excreting a concentrated
urine
45. Countercurrent mechanism (
characteristics,steps)
46. Countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta
47. Osmoreceptors-ADH system
48. Role of thirst in controlling ECF osmolarity
49. Control of ECF osmolarity and sodium concentration
50. Acids and Bases-definitions
51. Bicarbonate buffer system
52. Phosphate buffer system
53. Respiratory regulation of acid-base balance
54. Renal control of acid-base balance
55. Functions of respiration
56. Pulmonary volumes and capacities (
definitions)
57. Alveolar ventilation
58. Factors that determine the pressure of a gas
dissolved in a fluid
59. Quantifying the net rate of diffusion in
fluid
60. Diffusion of gases through fluid
61. Composition of alveolar air
62. Oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration and
partial pressure in the alveoli
63. Respiratory unit
64. Respiratory membrane
65. Factors that affect the rate of gas diffusion
through the respiratory membrane
66. Diffusing capacity for oxygen
67. Effect of the ventilation-perfussion ratio on
alveolar gas concentration
68. Uptake of oxygen by the pulmonary blood .
69. Transport of oxygen in the arterial blood
70. Diffusion of oxygen from the capillary into
the cells
71. Diffusion of carbon dioxide from cells into
capillary
72. Factors that shift the oxygen-hemoglobin
dissociation curve.
73. Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood
74. Respiratory center
75. Direct chemical control of respiratory center
activity by carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
76. Effect of blood carbon dioxide on the
chemosensitive area
77. Peripheral chemoreceptors system for control
of respiratory
78. Effect of low arterial partial oxygen
pressure on alveolar ventilation
79.
Effect of low
partial oxygen pressure when arterial carbon dioxide and hydrogen
ion concentration remain normal.